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Assistant Commissioners of the
Freedmen's Bureau

The Assistant Commissioners of the Freedmen’s Bureau were the top officials overseeing the Bureau’s operations within each state or district. Reporting directly to the Bureau’s Commissioner (initially General Oliver O. Howard), these individuals were responsible for implementing and supervising the Bureau’s programs at the local level.

The Assistant Commissioners of the Freedmen’s Bureau were the top officials overseeing the Bureau’s operations within each state or district. Reporting directly to the Bureau’s Commissioner (initially General Oliver O. Howard), these individuals were responsible for implementing and supervising the Bureau’s programs at the local level.

Each state had an Assistant Commissioner overseeing the Bureau’s operations. The records maintained by these Assistant Commissioners are invaluable for understanding the Reconstruction era and for genealogical research. Below is a list of these records by state, along with their corresponding National Archives microfilm publication numbers:

Assistant Commissioners Records

State Film No. Roll
Alabama M809 Rolls 1- 23: Records of the Assistant Commissioner
Arkansas M979 Rolls 1- 52: Records of the Assistant Commissioner
District of Columbia M1055 Rolls 1-21: Records of the Assistant Commissioner
Florida M1869 Roll 1-15: Records of the Assistant Commissioner
Georgia M798 Rolls 1-36: Records of the Assistant Commissioner
Kentucky M752 National Arcchives
Louisiana M1027 Rolls 1-36: Records of the Assistant Commissioner
Maryland and Delaware M1906 National Archives
Mississippi M826 Rolls 1-50: Records of the Assistant Commissioner
North Carolina M843 Roll 1-38: Records of the Assistant Commissioner
South Carolina M869 Rolls 1-44: Records of the Assistant Commissioner
Tennessee M999 Rolls 1-34: Records of the Assistant Commissioner
Texas M821 Rolls 1-32: Records of the Assistant Commissioner
Virginia M1048 Rolls 1-67: Records of the Assistant Commissioner

Responsibilities of Assistant Commissioners

Administration of Relief

Provided food, clothing, and medical aid to formerly enslaved individuals, impoverished whites, and, in some cases, Native Americans affected by the Civil War.

Labor Management

Supervised labor contracts between freedmen and landowners to ensure fair treatment and wages. Mediated disputes and addressed exploitative practices.

Education

Coordinated the establishment of schools for freedmen. Recruited and supported teachers, often partnering with northern missionary organizations.

Land Redistribution and Management

Administered the distribution of abandoned lands, initially promising "40 acres and a mule." Managed land that reverted to original owners after President Andrew Johnson's pardons, leaving many freedmen without promised resources.

Legal Assistance

Set up Freedmen's Courts to address grievances and provide legal protections. Assisted with marriage registration and documentation to legalize unions previously denied under slavery.

Community and Social Services

Assisted with family reunification for those separated by slavery. Provided resources and guidance for self-sufficiency.
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