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Getting to Know the Freedmen’s Bureau

The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, better known as the Freedmen’s Bureau, was established in March 1865 to help rebuild the South after the Civil War. Its mission was to assist formerly enslaved African Americans and poor Southern whites by providing food, shelter, education, medical care, and legal support.

The Bureau was America’s first federal agency created for large-scale social welfare. It became a bridge from slavery to freedom, working to protect the rights and dignity of millions of freedpeople entering citizenship for the first time.

  • Click to View M1900-M1913 Freedmen’s Bureau Field Offices

History of the Freedmen’s Bureau

Led by Major General Oliver O. Howard, the Bureau operated in every former Confederate state and the District of Columbia.

 

At its height, the Bureau:

Portrait of Major General Oliver O. Howard, first commissioner of the Freedmen’s Bureau, wearing Union military uniform, Civil War era. SEO Keyword-Rich Major General Oliver O. Howard Freedmen’s Bureau first commissioner of Freedmen’s Bureau Freedmen’s Bureau leadership Civil War Reconstruction Union General Oliver O. Howard history Freedmen’s Bureau historical records African American genealogy Freedmen’s Bureau Black history Reconstruction Freedmen’s Bureau records
Major General Oliver O. Howard
Library of Congress

Levels of the Freedmen's Bureau

1865-1872

Headquarters

Based in Washington, D.C., headquarters set policy, funded operations, coordinated agencies, and reported to Congress, guiding education, labor, legal aid, relief, and land programs across states.

(National Level)

Superintendents of Education

At state and district levels, superintendents organized schools, recruited teachers, partnered with charities, allocated funds, tracked enrollment and literacy, and linked headquarters policy to local needs.

(State-Level and Regional)

Field Offices

In towns and counties, field offices delivered services: mediating labor contracts, distributing rations and medical aid, reuniting families, supporting schools, recording complaints, and producing genealogical records.

(Local Level)

Purpose of the Freedmen's Bureau

Education

Establishing schools to educate freedmen and their children, many of whom had been denied literacy during slavery.

Employment

Facilitating labor contracts between freedmen and landowners to provide work opportunities.

Healthcare

Setting up hospitals and providing medical care to freedmen.

Legal Assistance

Offering legal protection for African Americans, particularly in disputes regarding labor, property, or civil rights.

Relief Efforts

Providing food, clothing, and basic necessities to displaced individuals.

Land Redistribution

Managing confiscated or abandoned lands and attempting (though often unsuccessfully) to allocate land to freed families.

These records typically involve claims made by formerly enslaved individuals or Union loyalists who lost property during the Civil War. They might include claims for lost wages, compensation for injuries, or restitution for property taken or destroyed by military forces.

These contain details of legal proceedings and decisions made by the Freedmen’s Bureau courts. The Bureau set up its own legal system to adjudicate issues involving freed people, such as disputes over labor contracts, cases of racial discrimination, and violence against African Americans.

These provide information about the medical services provided by the Bureau. They include records of hospital admissions, treatments given to freed people, and sometimes details of specific medical conditions and health issues prevalent at the time.

These documents record agreements between employers and employees. After emancipation, many freed people entered into labor contracts with former owners or new employers. Records of indenture and apprenticeship often involve agreements for minors who were to be trained in a trade.

These include information about the allocation and use of abandoned or confiscated lands and properties. The Bureau played a role in redistributing land to freed people, a key aspect of Reconstruction-era policies.

These records likely pertain to individuals who were hired for specific tasks or services, and possibly list the items or equipment that were also hired out for use.

These are records of complaints made by freed people to the Bureau, often regarding unfair labor practices, disputes over wages, racial discrimination, or violence. They provide insight into the challenges faced by African Americans during the Reconstruction era.

These are records of complaints made by freed people to the Bureau, often regarding unfair labor practices, disputes over wages, racial discrimination, or violence. They provide insight into the challenges faced by African Americans during the Reconstruction era.

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Why the Bureau Failed

Despite extraordinary efforts, the Bureau’s achievements were limited by structural and political obstacles:

By 1872, Congress dismantled the Bureau. Its premature closure left many needs unmet. Still, the records it generated remain priceless, documenting lives at the very moment African Americans stepped into freedom.

Unlocking Freedmen’s Bureau Records with
Nicka Sewell-Smith & Renate Yarborough Sanders

Locating the Freedmen's Bureau Records?

Website Cost Source
African American Civil War Museum Free AACW Museum
Ancestry.com Paid Ancestry.com LLC
Discover Freedmen Free FamilySearch/NMAAHC
NMAAHC Free FamilySearch International
Fold3 Paid Ancestry/Fold3
Freedmen's Bureau Online Free Independent Volunteers
Internet Archive Free Internet Archive
National Archives (NARA) Free U.S. National Archives
Freedmen's Bureau Search Portal Free Smithsonian Institution
The Freedmen's Bureau Records Free Smithsonian Institution
Searching the Freedmen's Bureau Records Free Smithsonian Institution
Freedmen's Bureau Digital Collection Free Smithsonian Institution
Reclaim the Records Free Smithsonian Institution
Reclaim the Records Free Reclaim the Records Non-Profit
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