Homesteading
States not Covered Under the 1862
Homestead Act
- Connecticut
- Delaware
- Georgia
- Hawaii
- Kentucky
- Maine
- Maryland
- Massachusetts
- New Hampshire
- New Jersey
- New York
- North Carolina
- Pennsylvania
- Rhode Island
- South Carolina
- Tennessee
- Texas
- Vermont
- Virginia
- West Virginia
What is the Homestead Act of 1862?
The Homestead Act of 1862, in U.S. history, significant legislative action that promoted the settlement and development of the American West. It was also notable for the opportunity it gave the formerly enslaved to own land. President Abraham Lincoln signed the Homestead Act into law on May 20, 1862.
Buyer was required to live on the land for five years and perform necessary upkeep and additions.
- Civil War Union veterans could use time served in the military towards the residency requirement.
- Settlers could also acquire the title of land if they lived on the land for 6 months and paid the government $1.25 per acre.
Signed in 1862, this allowed any American or immigrant pursuing the citizenship process to purchase up to 160 acres of federal land. The law was not repealed until 1986 when it expired in Alaska. All previous states had repealed the law by 1976.
1862 Wasn't the Only Year of the Homestead Act
In addition to the federal Homestead Act of 1862, several states implemented their own land distribution programs to encourage settlement and development. Notable examples include:
These state-specific programs operated alongside federal initiatives, reflecting regional priorities and conditions in land distribution and settlement policies.
Additional Homestead Acts
| Act/Program | Year | Purpose | Key States/Territories |
| Homestead Programs (Pre-State) | 1862–1890s | Settlement in western territories before statehood | Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Utah |
| Desert Land Act | 1877 | Irrigation development in arid regions | Western states like Arizona, California, Colorado, etc. |
| Timber Culture Act | 1873 | Promoted tree planting for soil conservation | Plains and Midwest states (Kansas, Nebraska, Dakotas) |
| State Land Grants and Programs | Varies | State-specific incentives for settlement | Texas, Georgia, Oklahoma, and other states with lotteries or preemptions |
| Alaska Homestead Act | 1898 | Settlement and development in Alaska | Alaska (territory at the time) |
Special Acknowledgment
This homestead documentation, along with its accompanying sources, was generously provided by Sheron Bruno, the 2nd great-granddaughter of Lewis Hines of Texas. Your dedication to preserving this history is deeply valued.
Texas – 1845
- Land Grants and Preemption Laws: Before joining the Union in 1845, the Republic of Texas offered land grants to settlers. After statehood, Texas continued to manage its public lands independently, enacting preemption laws that allowed settlers to claim and purchase land they had improved.
Oregon – 1850
- Donation Land Claim Act (1850): Although a federal initiative, this act specifically targeted the Oregon Territory, granting land to settlers in what would become the states of Oregon and Washington. It offered 320 acres to single settlers and 640 acres to married couples, promoting rapid settlement in the Pacific Northwest.
Georgia
- Headright System and Land Lotteries: In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Georgia employed a headright system, granting land to heads of households. Later, the state conducted land lotteries, distributing land acquired from Native American tribes to encourage settlement.
South Carolina
- Headright and Bounty Land Grants: South Carolina used a headright system in the colonial period and later offered bounty land grants to veterans, facilitating settlement and rewarding military service.
State Specific Homestead Acts
| Southern Homestead Act (1866) | |||
| Alabama | Arkansas | Florida | Louisiana |
| Mississippi | |||
| Purpose: Provided land to freedmen (formerly enslaved individuals) and poor whites in the post-Civil War South to encourage economic independence and reconstruction efforts. Approximately 46 million acres of public land were designated for settlement. | |||
| Eligibility: | |||
| 1. Applicants had to be U.S. citizens (or have declared intent to become citizens). | |||
| 2. They could claim up to 80 acres of federal land. | |||
| 3. Required to live on the land, improve it, and cultivate crops for five years before gaining full ownership (similar to the 1862 Homestead Act). | |||
| Goal: Help freedmen achieve economic self-sufficiency and transition from enslavement to independence by providing land ownership opportunities. | |||
| Homestead Programs in Western Territories (pre-statehood) | |||
| Arizona | New Mexico | Oklahoma | Utah |
| Purpose: Encouraged settlement and development in territories before they achieved statehood. These areas later adapted homestead provisions when they became states. | |||
| Key Features: | |||
| 1. Land claims could be filed under the 1862 Homestead Act as settlers moved westward. | |||
| 2. Settlers were required to live on the land, build homes, and cultivate crops to gain ownership. | |||
| 3. Many territories adapted state-specific policies upon gaining statehood to encourage continued development. | |||
| Examples: | |||
| 1. Texas Preemption Grants: Provided land to settlers before Texas entered the Union in 1845 and allowed the purchase of occupied land at reduced rates. | |||
| 2. Georgia Land Lotteries (1805–1833): Distributed land taken from Native Americans to settlers through lotteries. | |||
| 3. Oklahoma Land Rush (1889): Opened lands in Oklahoma Territory, allowing settlers to claim plots on a first-come, first-served basis. | |||
| 4. Many programs displaced Native Americans and led to land speculation and fraud. | |||
| Desert Land Act (1877) | |||
| Arizona | Montana | North Dakota | Utah |
| California | Nevada | Oregon | Washington |
| Colorado | New Mexico | South Dakota | Wyoming |
| Idaho | |||
| Purpose: Provided land in arid regions to settlers who committed to irrigation projects to make the land productive. | |||
| Key Provisions: | |||
| 1. Settlers could claim 640 acres of desert or semi-arid land. | |||
| 2. Landowners had to develop irrigation systems within three years to sustain agriculture. | |||
| 3. The land could then be purchased for $1.25 per acre once proof of irrigation was provided. | |||
| Timber Culture Act (1873) | |||
| Primarily Midwestern and Plains states, such as Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas. | |||
| Purpose: Allowed settlers to acquire additional acreage if they planted and maintained trees, promoting agricultural development and addressing deforestation concerns. | |||
| Key Provisions: | |||
| 1. Allowed settlers to claim 160 additional acres of land if they planted trees on 40 acres. | |||
| 2. After eight years, if the trees were successfully grown, settlers could own the land. | |||
| 3. It was repealed in 1891 after widespread fraud and difficulties in meeting requirements. | |||
| State Land Grants and Programs | |||
| Many states developed state-specific homestead acts or land grant programs to support settlers: | |||
| 1. Texas: Offered generous land grants to settlers, including pre-emption rights (the right to purchase land already occupied). | |||
| 2. Georgia Land Lotteries (1805–1833): Distributed land taken from Native Americans to settlers through lotteries. | |||
| 3. Oklahoma Land Rush (1889): Allowed settlers to claim land in the Unassigned Lands of Oklahoma Territory. | |||
| 4. Many programs displaced Native Americans and led to land speculation and fraud. | |||
| Alaska Homestead Act (1898) | |||
| State Covered: Alaska | |||
| Purpose: Extended homesteading rights to Alaska, encouraging settlement in the remote territory long before it achieved statehood in 1959. | |||
| Key Provisions: | |||
| 1. Similar requirements to the 1862 Homestead Act—settlers had to live on and improve the land for five years. | |||
| 2. Initially slow growth due to harsh climates, remote locations, and high costs of farming. | |||
| 3. Gained popularity after World War II with advances in transportation and technology. | |||
| 4. Alaska’s homesteading program officially ended in 1986—the last homestead filed in the U.S. was in 1988. | |||
Locating Homestead Records
Bureau of Land Management - Land and Patent Records
Federal Land Patents offer researchers a source of information on the initial transfer of land titles from the Federal government to individuals. In addition to verifying title transfer, this information will allow the researcher to associate an individual (Patentee, Assignee, Warrantee, Widow, or Heir) with a specific location (Legal Land Description) and time (Issue Date). We have a variety of Land Patents on our site, including Cash Entry, Homestead and Military Warrant patents.
National Park Service
All land-entry case files are held by the National Archives in downtown Washington, D.C. If you are researching homesteads in Alaska, Arizona, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Nevada, Ohio, Wyoming, and/or Utah, you can search for their homestead records (up to 1908) at the Heritage Center for free.
Who Did The Homestead Act of 1862 Effect?
01
Former Slaves (Freedmen)
Opportunities:
- After the Civil War, freed African Americans saw the Homestead Act as a chance to own land and achieve economic independence.
- The Southern Homestead Act of 1866 was an amendment designed specifically to help freedmen and poor whites in the South gain access to land.
- However, racism, lack of resources, and systemic discrimination often prevented freedmen from fully utilizing these opportunities. White landowners and local governments frequently obstructed their claims. Many African Americans, especially in states like Kansas and Oklahoma (e.g., Exodusters), migrated westward.
Challenges:
- Discrimination and Violence: Despite being eligible, many African Americans were intimidated, violently attacked, or forced off their claims by white settlers and landowners.
- Lack of Resources: Freedmen often lacked the money, tools, livestock, and agricultural knowledge to make the land productive.
- Exploitation: Some were tricked into signing contracts that bound them to unfair sharecropping or tenant farming arrangements, keeping them economically dependent.
02
Poor Whites
Opportunities:
- Poor whites, particularly in the South, viewed the Homestead Act as a way to escape poverty and tenant farming.
- It gave them the chance to compete economically and socially with wealthy plantation owners.
Challenges:
- Poor whites also struggled with the financial and material requirements to develop land. Many lacked the resources to sustain themselves during the initial years of farming.
- Credit limitations and economic instability during Reconstruction made it difficult for poor whites to sustain themselves as independent farmers.
03
Women
Opportunities:
- The Homestead Act was one of the few legal frameworks of the time that allowed unmarried women and widows to claim land in their own name.
- Many women took advantage of this opportunity, particularly in the West, where they played a critical role in establishing schools and communities.
Challenges:
- Women faced social prejudices and had limited access to financial and material resources, isolation, and the physical hardships of frontier life..
- Widows and single women had to overcome skepticism from male peers and officials, proving they were capable of farming and improving the land.
04
Former Slaveholders
Loss of Labor and Wealth:
- After emancipation, slaveholders in the South lost their enslaved labor force, and the Homestead Act did little to directly benefit them.
- Many Southern elites were excluded from claiming homesteads because they had "borne arms against the U.S." during the Civil War. Many plantation owners lost their free labor force and faced difficulties adapting to a free labor economy.
Attempts to Retain Control:
- Many Southern elites sought to maintain control over labor through systems like sharecropping and Jim Crow laws, which perpetuated racial inequality despite the legal framework of freedom.
05
Native Americans
Displacement and Loss of Land:
- The Homestead Act accelerated the westward expansion of settlers, leading to the seizure and privatization of millions of acres of Native American land.
- The Homestead Act directly contributed to the displacement and dispossession of Native American tribes from their ancestral territories and confined to reservations.
Resistance and Conflict:
- Settlers often came into direct conflict with Native American tribes, leading to violent clashes, massacres, and further erosion of Indigenous sovereignty.
- Native Americans resisted the encroachment on their lands, leading to violent conflicts such as the Great Sioux War (1876–1877) and Battle of Little Bighorn (1876).
06
Immigrants (People from Other Countries)
Opportunities:
- Immigrants from Europe and Scandinavia (e.g., Germans, Norwegians, Swedes) took advantage of the Homestead Act to establish farming communities in the Great Plains.
Challenges:
- Immigrants faced language barriers, cultural differences, and discrimination, which made assimilation into American society difficult.
- Many struggled to adapt to the harsh climate and farming conditions on the prairie.
